Medical Ethics: "The rules of conduct and underlying values that guide the healing activities in each society".
Biomedical Ethics: The rules and values that apply to health related research and clinical practice in the profession of biolmedicine
- Basic Moral Rules (are these culture bound and linked to individualism?)
- autonomy-each person has the right to make their own medical decisions
- beneficence-healer should act in the best interest of the patient
- nonmalficence-do no harm
- justice-fair distribution of benefits in the context of limited resources
- Derived Moral Rules (culturally specific)
- Medical Ethics in Small Scale Societies
- healing role is a temporary occupation, where those that heal have been healed themselves and feel an obligation to heal others, for instance.
- ethical conduct is conformity to the demands of supernatural forces or other forces that can cause or cure illness
- Shamans are mediators between spirits and community
- examples: Warro cannibals, of Venezuela
- Ethics and Folk Healers
- when healers are brought into larger context through development it creates a competition among healers and an ideology of consumerism in which practitioners will try to discredit others practices and patients seek to protect themselves against the misuse of powers
- ethic of protection and revenge guides their practice in urban contexts
- Ethics in the Great Traditions of Medicine
- full-time specialists with specialized training which teaches ethical standards
- contrasts themselves with QUACKS-protect traditions
- deeply embedded in each of the great traditions cultural values, and such notions as personhood, responsibility to self and others, and human destiny.
- example: Ayurveda. Human beings are part of the great unified energetic force in which we must reside in harmony. One must show compassion for all living things. Physical and spiritual dimensions are incorporated into healing as ethical practice.
Cross Cultural Views of the Self
Out of the Closet!- the defining features of selfhood and personhood although universal are culturally specific*
- 5 basic orientations:
- how the self is or is not distinguished from other selves
- how the self is linked to objects in the world
- how the self is located in space and time
- what motivates the self
- what normative rules apply to the self.
BIOTECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO THE BEGINNING AND END OF LIFE ARE BEST UNDERSTOOD IN THE CONTEXT OF COMPETING VIEWS OF THE SELF AND EVEN WITHIN ONE CULTURE.
- The Ethical debates that swirl around the use of these technologies are irresolvable precisely because they trace back to self theories which differ by the five features listed above.
- The Stem Cell Debate
- Baby Pictures: Does a sonogram promote maternal bonding that is good for the
- Rights, Death & the Autonomous Self
- Controlling ethical dilemmas in biomedicine
- rights and obligations of medical research and clinical practice
- AMA standards are drafted and revised
- biothecs are taught in medical school
- ethics committees hear gray cases
- gained unprecedented place in Western biomedicine
- How do we make these decisions?
- case Studies
- Commercial incentives to increase organ donation
- Non-heartbeating Cadaver
- reduction of electrocardiograph inactivity to two minutes
- inhumane treatment of the dying patient who is rushed of to emergency room for harvesting in final moments
- planned terminal management
- too much time may have passed to use organs after this
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